The first op-amp (familiar nickname of the operational amplifier) have been developed during the Second World War and were built from vacuum tubes. The operational amplifiers are truly born in the early 60′s at the research and it took 70 years to see the general public, when we began to integrate more transistors and resistors on the same silicon substrate. This technology has helped to build complex arrangements, and make them fit on a small encapsulated in silicon wafer in a housing (usually 8-pin). The most famous being the 741 uA. The op-amp is a circuit that amplifies the voltage difference applied to its input terminals with better performance that a conventional transistor amplifier.
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The operational amplifiers (OP AMP)
Fundamentals of Boolean mathematics
The analysis of combination devices and digital logic circuits the easiest performed using Boolean math, which operates with just two concepts: a true (logical 1) or false (logical 0). As a result, the functions that display information taken at a time only 0 or 1. Which functions are called logical. Logical function of several variables Y (X0, X1, …, Xn-1) determine the character of logical operations, which resulted in a set of input variables associated with the variable Y.
Introduction to digital electronics
Any character of information in digital electronics devices encode binary code, so the signal can take only two values: high or low voltage, the presence or absence of a voltage pulse, etc., necessary condition for this is the ability to confidently recognize the elements of digital circuits of the two signal values, of the symbols 0 and 1, while modifying the ambient temperature, supply voltage, the effects of other destabilizing factors.
