Here the thyristor explanation form wikipedia:

The thyristor is a solid-state semiconductor device with four layers of alternating N and P-type material. They act as bistable switches, conducting when their gate receives a current pulse, and continue to conduct for as long as they are forward biased (that is, as long as the voltage across the device has not reversed).

Some sources define silicon controlled rectifiers and thyristors as synonymous.

The Thyristor’s Function

The thyristor is a four-layer semiconducting device, with each layer consisting of alternately N-type or P-type material, for example P-N-P-N. The main terminals, labeled anode and cathode, are across the full four layers, and the control terminal, called the gate, is attached to p-type material near to the cathode. (A variant called an SCS—Silicon Controlled Switch—brings all four layers out to terminals.) The operation of a thyristor can be understood in terms of a pair of tightly coupled bipolar junction transistors, arranged to cause the self-latching action:

Thyristors have three states:

1. Reverse blocking mode — Voltage is applied in the direction that would be blocked by a diode
2. Forward blocking mode — Voltage is applied in the direction that would cause a diode to conduct, but the thyristor has not yet been triggered into conduction
3. Forward conducting mode — The thyristor has been triggered into conduction and will remain conducting until the forward current drops below a threshold value known as the “holding current”

This is the explanation about “Voltage”

Voltage is commonly used as a short name for electrical potential difference. Its corresponding SI unit is the volt (not italicized). Electric potential is a hypothetically measurable physical dimension, and is denoted by the algebraic variable V (italicized )

The voltage between two (electron) positions “A” and “B”, inside a solid electrical conductor (or inside two electrically-connected, solid electrical conductors), is denoted by (V_A − V_B). This voltage is the electrical driving force that drives a conventional electric current in the direction A to B. Voltage can be directly measured by an “ideal voltmeter”. Well-constructed, correctly used, real voltmeters approximate very well to ideal voltmeters. For non-scientists, an analogy involving the flow of water is sometimes helpful in understanding the concept of voltage (see below).

Precise modern and historic definitions of voltage exist, but (due to the development of the electron theory of metal conduction in the period 1897 to 1933, and to developments in theoretical surface science from about 1910 to about 1950, particularly the theory of local work function) some older definitions are not now regarded as strictly correct. This is because they neglect the existence of “chemical” effects and surface effects. A particular lesson from surface science is that, to get consistency and universality, formal definitions must relate to positions or (better) electron states inside conductors.

This article will teach you how to check measure a diode. This is a basic knowledge for students and electronic hobbysts. If your project is failed or your electronic device is broken, then you need to check the components. And before you check the components, you need to learn how to check and measure the components. Here is the explanation about how to check the diode:

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Being able to determine the polarity (cathode versus anode) and basic functionality of a diode is a very important skill for the electronics hobbyist or technician to have. Since we know that a diode is essentially nothing more than a one-way valve for electricity, it makes sense we should be able to verify its one-way nature using a DC (battery-powered) ohmmeter as in Figure below. Connected one way across the diode, the meter should show a very low resistance at (a). Connected the other way across the diode, it should show a very high resistance at (b) (“OL” on some digital meter models).

You’re a newbie in electronics and you need to practice your electronics knowledge and then I suggest you to build this LED Flasher (Flip-Flop). This circuit is very simple and very easy to understand…

INTRODUCTION:

Flashing circuits are very interesting. They grab your attention and can be used in many applications. They consume very little energy and a single cell can last as long as 12 months. This is the simplest circuit capable of alternately flashing two LEDs.

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM:

COMPONENT LIST:

Electrolytic capacitor or electrolytics condensator or we often call “ELCO” is a type of capacitor that uses an ionic conducting liquid as one of its plates. Typically with a larger capacitance per unit volume than other types, they are valuable in relatively high-current and low-frequency electrical circuits. This is especially the case in power-supply filters, where they store charge needed to moderate output voltage and current fluctuations, in rectifier output. They are also widely used as coupling capacitors in circuits where AC should be conducted but DC should not.

Electrolytic capacitors can have a very high capacitance, allowing filters made with them to have very low corner frequencies.

Electrolytic Capacitor Construction

Aluminum electrolytic capacitors are constructed from two conducting aluminum foils, one of which is coated with an insulating oxide layer, and a paper spacer soaked in electrolyte. The foil insulated by the oxide layer is the anode while the liquid electrolyte and the second foil act as cathode. This stack is then rolled up, fitted with pin connectors and placed in a cylindrical aluminium casing. The two most popular geometries are axial leads coming from the center of each circular face of the cylinder, or two radial leads or lugs on one of the circular faces. Both of these are shown in the picture.